The Winter Diet in the Last Month of Gestation

Over the last 10 years, management of the dry cow to attain optimal condition has been much improved. This has been mainly facilitated by setting realistic figures on crop utilisation (90% for FB and 80% for Kale in good conditions) and ME requirements for condition gain (70MJME/kg liveweight gain), maintenance (60MJME) and pregnancy (30-50MJME – 6 to 2 weeks from calving). Also factor in the increased requirements due to wet, wind chill and mud which can add an additional 10-30MJME/day.

Ensure that cows are not getting over-fat or are at risk of not achieving target. A BCS (from your vet) at the start of July can tell you whether intakes need to be increased or decreased.

The winter diet for a pregnant cow, through until about the last 3 weeks of pregnancy, requires about 11% crude protein in the diet (or 1.2-1.4kg of crude protein). As well as cow’s normal base protein requirements, she has the demands of a rapidly growing calf, the development of new udder tissue and production of colostrum antibodies. Cows under protein stress for significant periods of time will break down their own tissues to meet foetal demands, but the end result may be muscle loss (calving difficulty), poor udder development, poor colostrum quality and poor cow immunity (placing her at greater risk of mastitis or metritis).

Optimal crude protein requirements increase to >16% in the last 3 weeks before calving. Typically Fodder beet bulbs have crude protein levels less than 10%, whereas the leaf is in the 15-20% range. If the crop you are feeding is losing leaf yield in July, ensure that cows are receiving an additional supplement that has higher protein content.

Brassica Feeding over the Dry Period – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Next to fodder beet, brassicas (rape, kale, turnips and swedes), are the other mainstay of the winter diet. It helps to understand some of their properties to get the best from them.

The Good

• In kale, the upper 2/3rd of the plant has quite good ME – being about 12.5MJ. The lower part of the plant (the stalk) will be lower and is only about 7ME close to the ground. The overall ME is about 11-11.5MJ/kgDM. The ME of all other brassicas are closer to 12MJME.

• Generally speaking, brassicas have good levels of crude protein for a dry cow – 14- 18%. This makes it quite a good crop to finish the winter on if you have had cows on a low crude protein fodder beet through the early part of the dry period.

• Kale/Rape have high levels of calcium – about 3 times what is in grass and 9 times what is in fodder beet bulbs. This makes it handy for replenishing bone stores in dairy cows.

• A tall grazing face can form good shelter for cows if being grazed in a southern direction.

The Bad

• Kale crops often have bad utilisation in bad weather – it can be as low as 50%. Make sure you allow for this.

• Best practice is to work on 80% utilisation in good conditions. If it is higher than this, cows are probably being underfed. Make sure you factor this in on your daily allocation.

• All brassicas are low in effective fibre (and yes that includes those chewy looking stalks). This is the reason that as a minimum 25% of the diet needs to have a long fibre source – e.g. straw, hay or baleage.

• Animals often ingest quite a bit of mud while on crop – this will deplete copper stores. Selenium is also consumed/depleted soaking up ‘free radicals’ created by a high content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids.

• Swedes can be quite hard, making it tough for calves and heifers to eat. It can tend to be lower in crude protein as well.

The Ugly

• The lack of effective fibre and if fed frozen can make cattle prone to frost bloat (a free gas bloat). The cold temperature shocks the rumen disabling the ability to belch. Wait for the frost to come off before feeding.

• Brassicas will bind up Iodine which can result in still births in calves – particularly out of heifers. Dosing a trough with stock iodine on a daily basis in the last month of gestation may reduce this risk.

• Nitrate poisoning is a real danger - particularly in rape followed next by kale. Its most likely to occur after periods of cold, low light conditions, where leaf loss has occurred from previous breakouts, and when animals go onto a frozen crop with an empty belly.

• Like fodder beet, swedes can cause acidosis. A transition period is also important.

Bovine Adenovirus (BAdV) in R1 Dairy Calves

HISTORY

We recently had a case of BAdV confirmed in a mob of 140 rising yearling dairy replacements. Five rising yearlings had died over a period of 3-4 days. Unfortunately, four of them had died over the previous 24-48 hours during a very warm spell of weather, and when found were too autolyzed to postmortem. The fifth calf, noticed late the next day, was acutely unwell, and subsequently examined, treated and blood tested/faecal sampled. The calf had a high temperature, dull demeanour, dehydrated, diarrhoea and unable to stand unaided. This calf died overnight. The mob’s drenching history was up to date, and unlike a lot of reported cases of BAdV, where the mob has been unwell, the remaining calves appeared in ‘good health’.

THE DISEASE

BAdV is a relatively uncommon disease – but was noted as a disease of increasing occurrence in rising yearlings in a national review 10 years ago. It is a viral disease that is mainly seen in 6-12 months old calves. Outbreaks, usually with low mortality rates (1-3%) can occur during autumn, winter and spring months, and often post weaning. It is primarily an acute gastro-intestinal disease, but calves may also have respiratory signs.

Adenoviruses are transmitted in nasal and oral secretions and faeces. While many cattle are infected, only a small proportion develops disease, which are animals usually immuno-compromised or have concurrent BVD infection. Common differentials for BAdV are Yersinia, Salmonella, BVD/mucosal disease, GI parasites, and other causes of acute death – nitrate poisoning, clostridial disease or toxicity.

DIAGNOSIS

Until recently, the main way to diagnose BAdV, has been getting good quality bowel samples and doing histopathology – and seeing the classic inclusion bodies, of this disease. However, a PCR (looking at genetic material) blood test is now available – and markedly assists us with the diagnosis. The fifth calf was positive for BAdV, and it was assumed it was also the cause of the other four calves that died.

Balancing the Winter Ration

To ensure a successful outcome to cow wintering, consideration needs to be made around cow requirements for energy, protein and minerals (Ca, P and Na). Knowing the content of the diet, the proportions to be fed and the likely utilisation will enable you to fine tune where required. A dry cow needs a minimum of 10-11% crude protein and this increases to 16% as she nears calving.

Last year our practice did a large amount of feed testing on Fodder Beet crops. The range and variation in protein and macromineral content was enormous. A very low crude protein/calcium FB crop coupled with a low protein/calcium cereal/maize silage will not adequately support a pregnant cow or set her up for the following lactation (and reproductive season).

A large part of the protein and calcium in a fodder beet plant is held in the leaf. Although the leaf yield in most crops is looking good right now, as they exhaust soil of nitrogen and potassium reserves this may lead to leave senescence (die back of exterior leaves to pull reserves into the bulb). Consider the late applications of around 50 units of N and K/hectare to maintain the green leaf mass.

Look to get your winter diet tested now to provide time to make tweaks with supplement matches if these are required. Contact your Prime Vet about collection, testing and diet balancing.

Staph aureus is in 85% of herds – often causing minimal issues

The latest DairyNZ mastitis fact sheet states that about 85% of herds will have some cows that are infected with Staph aureus. It goes on to say that Staph aureus accounts for about 10% of clinical mastitis cases but can be significantly more in an out-break situation.

There are options for screening your herd to find the Staph aureus cows, and either cull them or manage them in such a way as they don’t spread the infection.

Remember though, there are many herds out there where there is Staph aureus found in the Bulk Milk (we find it regularly in the Antibiogram tests, even in low BMSCC herds). Staph aureus in the Bulk Milk is not causing a significant issue, so before you decide to test and cull your way to being “Staph free” decide … do you have an issue and, what are the herds that have Staph but not an issue doing that you aren’t.

What is happening with infected herds that don’t have an issue, knowingly or unknowingly, is the cows are managed and that infection is not being spread from cow to cow, so the percentage of infected cows is low.

The main source of Staph aureus is infected milk from infected quarters, being transferred on liners or milker’s hands to uninfected cows. Effective practices to slow or prevent the spread of Staph aureus are:

• Having clean hands – this really means wearing gloves, wet gloves are cleaner than wet hands.

• Using teat-spray on every teat at every milking will reduce the spread by 50%.

• Have teats that are not cracked or have teat end lesions – these teats are harder to disinfect, and teat end lesion suggests there is over milking occurring or the vacuum is excessive, or the pulsation is incorrect, or the liners are well past their life expectancy.

• These farms usually have good records so when they have a cow that gets a repeat mastitis case, before treating for the 3rd or 4th time, they consider drying the quarter off, drying off the cow early, or even culling.

If your farm set up allows it, consider running the 3 titters, high SCC cows and cows that have been treated for mastitis in a mob that gets milked last – or at least not in the first herd – so any contaminated liners end up on less cows. If you are considering testing the whole herd for Staph please phone your prime vet at the Veterinary Centre. There are numerous options out there, each with their pros and cons.