Herds coming off Peak Lactation

Most herd in this district hit peak lactation figures in early November. Ideally the lactation peak holds for as long as possible. A >7% drop in production/month after peak is considered excessive and likely indicates issues with a net reduction in ME intakes of cows.

A significant drop in production in the pre-mate and mating period will often see cows dropping in condition at the same time. This is not an ideal situation for optimising embryo quality and pregnancy maintenance.

So, what are the most common reasons for herds coming off peak lactation?

Dry matter percentage

• The excessive intracellular water (internal), as opposed to rain on the surface of grass (external), has been shown to restrict voluntary intake. Studies have shown a reduction of dry matter intake of 0.2-0.3kg DM for each percentage drop in dry matter below 15-18%. After a period of wet weather and good growing conditions this might see voluntary intakes drop from 18kgDM/day to 15kgDM/day if the dry matter percentage dropped from e.g. 18% to 12%.

• Mowing in front of cows several hours before grazing to get wilt should increase intakes if dry matter % is low but of good quality.

Quality of pasture

• Grazing pastures more mature than the 3-leaf stage (2-3 is optimal) will show a marked drop in ME. Grazing to low residuals where previously rounds have been lax means a higher percentage of mature/dead DM must be eaten, this reduces ME of the grass eaten as well as voluntary intake.

• If pasture cover is greater than 3,400kgDM you are best to top behind cows rather than mow in front, so as to not force them to eat poor quality feed.

Quantity offered

• Low pre-entry covers, restricted areas and simultaneous removal of concentrate supplements.

• Continue to calculate pre-graze covers and adjust break size or supplement as appropriate.

NDF percentage

• Cows cannot eat more than 1.3-1.5% of their body weight in NDF (this would be 7.5kg for a 500kg cow). If targeting cows to eat ≥18kgDM, the maximum NDF content would be about 40% of the diet.

• Ensure that covers do not exceed 3,400kgDM/ha at this time of year, and don’t force them to eat low quality residual.

Weed takeover

• Californian thistles and dock can become a significant problem on some farms at this time of the year. They effectively reduce the grazing area.

Heat stress and water restriction

• Temperature Humidity Index, air movement and solar radiation in combination will have a combined effect on the cows ability to maintain a normal body temperature. This in turn will affect grazing behaviour and grass harvest. Having shade and available drinking water (exit races) is pertinent to regulating body temp. Bringing cows together in close proximity in the yards/shed over the hottest hours in summer increases this risk.

• Watch for cows panting. Aim to provide the biggest feed allocation in the coolest part of the day in hot weather and adjust milking times.

Concentrate removal

• Often in-shed concentrates are removed as financial budget for purchases is reached or there is an anticipated excess in grass. The removal may coincide with any of the above to reduce total ME intake at what may be a crucial time.

Lameness

• If a significant percentage of the herd does become lame (and this could be slight), there is an associated increase in lying time as cows try to rest their feet.

• Monitor walking times of cows. If this is slow due to lameness adjust management or seek help from your Prime vet.

Milking interval

• It is generally considered that dropping from TAD to 16hrs while cows are producing more than 1.6kgMS/day will result in a milk drop.

Heat Detection – What can we learn from Collars?

With over 50% of our farms now using some form of wearable technology we are learning more and more about these technologies and how they apply to typical heat detection methods. DairyNZ estimates that heat detection is a major factor in poor reproductive performance in over 30% of dairy farms so should still be a key differential for farms to focus on if you are looking to improve mating performance.

The chart below (bottom) shows an optimal mating window produced for Allflex collars. The “green zone” occurs 3-15 hours AFTER the peak of heat activity (i.e after the max time cows have been riding each other and running around the paddock). An analysis of 30,000 cows within the Veterinary Centre confirmed that cows mated in this window had higher conception rates (+ 7%) than cows either side (the top bar chart).

So what is the key learning?

We have a tendency to mate cows too early, based on heat detection aids alone!!!!

So what can you do?

For a few seasons now we have been offering a “HeatCHECK” service. HeatCHECK involves scanning the ovaries of cows put up for mating and measuring the largest follicle as well as percentage of the heat aid activated. We then produce an estimation of the percentage of cows that you are likely to be presenting in the “optimal” mating window (this score was validated by scanning collar cows). From there we can work on making changes if required to improve your score (and hopefully conception rates).

Some of the key findings to date have been:

• Incorrect Placement of Heat Aids

• Tailpaint too thick!

• Tailpaint too far down tail

• Tailpaint too far forward

• Not putting up short returns (especially on places with poor heat detection)

• Putting heataids in the hollow

Changes to these have led to greatly improved HeatCHECK scores, and more cows likely to be presenting in the optimal mating window.

How do you get a HeatCHECK score?

Involvement is simple – we just need to come out and scan the cows drafted for AI (at the time of mating). It’s essential that the person doing the picking of the cows is present at the visit so they get the instant feedback (and so a collaborative plan can be put in place). The cost per farm varies slightly depending on the number of cows on heat, but is typically around the $400 mark.

Whether you’ve got worries about your heat detection, want peace of mind, or have someone new on the stand it’s likely you’ll benefit from HeatCHECK. Get in touch with your prime vet to book in a visit.

What’s happening with Grass this Spring?

Grass coming through the winter this season both visually appeared and tested of a higher quality than last season. Even as we closed on the end of the first round the grass quality on most farms has appeared significantly better.

Last season we conducted a study with Dr Jim Gibbs of Lincoln University to understand both the cause and effect of low milk urea nitrogen (MUN) values which were growing trend in the previous few seasons. Jim found that the main driver of the low MUN were high NDF contents (i.e. the grass was over mature and tough). It was thought that this may have been due to the reduction in nitrogen use in the autumn.

This season, almost across the board, those farms that had low MUN values last season have been higher this year. This may be reflective of both a more consistent phase of growth since late June and strategic nitrogen use. The higher MUN indicate that digestibility of the grass and the crude protein values have been higher this spring. Expensive high protein supplements are probably of less value this spring.

With the consistent and recent rains, we can expect that the dry matter percentages of grass will be a lot lower for at least the next couple of weeks. There are two main considerations that need to be taken into consideration.

1. Low dry matter feeds take up more space and are less energy dense. Studies have shown a reduction of dry matter intake of 0.2-0.3kg DM for each percentage drop in dry matter below 15-18%.

• After a period of wet weather and good growing conditions this might see voluntary intakes drop from 18kgDM/day to 16kgDM/day if the dry matter percentage dropped from e.g. 18% to 12%.

• Mowing high quality, low dry matter grass several hours before grazing in the right conditions will lift the DM percentage and increase intakes.

2. Low dry matter grass also leads to higher urine output. This can cause a washout of sodium. Sodium is essential to draw Volatile Fatty Acids across the rumen. Sodium deficient cows will have a lower appetite and reduce milk production.

• Cows will typically require/consume 30grams of salt per day. This may increase to 50grams in some situations. Look to provide cows free access salt on a daily basis.

The First Month of Lactation - Minimising Negative Energy Balance

The management of the first month of lactation beyond the colostrum period very critical for herd level performance. Most cows will spend this period in negative energy balance (NEB). This is why providing consistently high feed quality is imperative. What we have learnt from cow collars is that farms that are having low rates of pre-mate heats four weeks before planned start of mating will still be low just before mating.

Cows in significant negative energy balance may develop clinical or sub-clinical ketosis. Fats mobilised (NEFAs) will also damage and therefore reduce the fertility of developing eggs on the ovaries.

Cows which are well fed/have a good appetite in the first month of lactation will lose less weight and have better mating performance. Consider the following:

• Optimal pre-graze covers of 3,000 to 3,400 kgDM/ha in the first round will ensure good quality and easy harvest for the cow, while maintaining a residual at 1,550-1,600kgDM/ha.

• Know what your daily cow requirement is and calculate your allocation every day - where feed deficits exist on any given day fill it with appropriate supplement.

• If the herd or part of the herd is skinny and there are large feed deficits ahead, production may be best sacrificed by OAD milking for up to 3 weeks to maintain BCS leading into mating.

• Use monensin (Rumenox), to increase feed conversion efficiency, by driving propionate production. Clinical trials show boost in milk protein production and far less BCS loss. Use strategically from calving up until end of mating.

• Internal parasites – the biggest impact these have is on appetite suppression. Almost all farms will have high levels of over-wintered larvae this year. Aim to drench your herd by early/mid-September.

• Vitamin B12 – is a requirement for energy extraction. Deficient cows will lose appetite. We see B12 levels drop at the same time as spring grass goes lush. This is partly due to rapid transit times through the gut impeding B12 absorption. Rule of thumb “when faeces start becoming loose look to give Vit B12”.

Emergency Treatment of Lice in Spring

Cows with heavy lice infestation are up to 10% less productive due to eating less, because they are distracted or itching.

Lice are the most important winter parasite of cattle; you will see a lot of scratching and hair loss over the neck and shoulder. I strongly believe that severe lice infestations do cause milk production and BCS loss in dairy cattle. Furthermore, lice burdens are often highest in cattle which are in poor condition and have been tight for feed over the winter.

While it would have always been better to have treated cattle for lice in early winter a salvage treatment can still be used in the spring. The critical thing is to dose all cattle with an effective dose and product.

Product choice becomes vitally important as we head into spring due to both the milk and bobby calf with holds.

Pour on “Mectin” treatment options- These treat both lice and internal parasites:

• Cydectin is the logical choice in this situation as it achieves good control of both lice and internal parasites. It has the advantage of both a nil milk and meat withhold. The bobby calf meat withhold is also nil.

• While pour-on drenches containing Abamectin are great options for controlling lice MPI implemented a new milk and meat with holding time of 35 days in Sept 2022. This means Reflex and Topline are largely restricted to being used as dry off treatments in the autumn.

Pour on lice only treatment options:

• Blaze is a synthetic pyrethroid pour-on which has a nil milk withhold and 28-day meat withhold. There is no bobby calf withholding period.

• Destruct is a pour-on organophosphate which has a 3-day meat withhold and 5-day milk withhold.

It is important to be aware that when any of these pour on products are applied to cattle that have come straight off crop and have thick coats covered in mud or faeces, then efficacy may be compromised. Lice numbers will rebuild again over 8 weeks, often requiring another treatment.